Background and Aim: Science of law is an instrument to regulate the relationships between persons and subjects. Doubtlessly, today human persons as the main subjects of law also are considered as the ultimate intent of law; as the result, human rights have a very important status in the governing legal order. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive Study. Ethical Considerations: All ethical considerations as well as authenticity of the texts have been observed. Findings: The very concept of human rights by a reading different from the current one, have been existed since the early stage of birth of philosophical thoughts; but, through the time and by the introduction of concepts such as “ government” , “ sovereignty” , “ law” , and “ rule of law” the way of human right entering the space of implementation undergone basic evolutions. Conclusion: In the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, one may see how schools of philosophy, law, and politics have been crystalized in it.

Positivism-though not exactly in the sense of the positivism of the Enlightenment and modernity-is the dominant approach in Iranian academic Islamic studies. The positivistic approach in Islamic studies of Iran is closely related to logical positivism and analytic philosophy. Of course, these similarities are general similarities that mean the similarity of how knowledge is obtained through proof, and at the same time there are some differences that should not be ignored. The dominance of positivism over Islamic studies in Iran has led to the neglect of capacities that can be activated based on interpretive-comprehension and historical approaches arising from the continental tradition; Capacities such as landscape, study at the socio-cultural level and religious practices, respecting differences and giving importance to creativity, paying attention to knowledge based on suspicious results such as history, anthropology, etc. are among these cases.

The evaluation of research in the humanities is a controversial topic. In Iran, this debate is often framed in terms of the International Scientific Index (ISI) and paper production. Two main groups can be identified in this debate. One group believes that the emphasis on articles and the ISI leads to the quantification of humanities research, which ultimately damages the quality of the research. The other group believes that common scientometric methods are a reliable and precise standard for all fields, and that the humanities should adapt to these methods. The debate has been characterized by polemical and rhetorical arguments, and its theoretical and epistemological frameworks have been imprecise and chaotic.The aim of this article is to formulate this polemical debate into an epistemological problem in the philosophy of science, so that it can be properly formulated and understood.The article is divided into three parts. First, we show that scientometrics has its roots in the work of philosophers of science. However, over time, this connection has been broken, and the positivist view of science has come to dominate. This has led to the current crisis in scientometrics.In the second part, we argue that the understanding of this crisis depends on a return to the non-positivist approach in the philosophy of science. This approach sees science as based on the research practices of a research community, rather than as a set of true propositions. By uncovering the differences between the natural sciences and the humanities, we conclude that the contemporary scientometric criteria cannot be applied to the humanities.In the third part, we argue that criticizing common scientometric methods and highlighting their crisis does not mean that the evaluation of humanities research is impossible or unattainable. However, before defining a new set of criteria, we need to conduct philosophical, anthropological, sociological, and historical studies of research communities in the humanities.

Analysis of the meaningfulness of the language of religion is one of the most important issues concerning the language of religion. Despite the multiplicity and variety of viewpoints common in this field, the prevailing common ground in these viewpoints is the implicit acceptance of the positivistic standards of the meaningfulness of language. The existence of basic criticisms to these standards and the collapse of logical positivism bring up the basic question as to how and on the basis of what questions the analysis of the meaningfulness of the language of religion is examinable. Reviewing briefly the theories concerning the meaningfulness of the language of religion, this article first presents a definition of the meaningfulness of language, and then, on the basis of this definition, examines the meaningfulness of the language of religion on three pivots, i.e. the possibility of the meaningfulness of the language of religion; the possibility of incorporating the revelatory meanings into human words and propositions; and the possibility of understanding the revelatory meanings by the addressee.

Background: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease in the world and causes more than four million deaths per year; patients with it diabetes often have problems in the field of optimism, life expectancy and self-management. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of positivism on optimism, life expectancy and self-management in patients with diabetes. Methods: This study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups. The study population was patients with diabetes and members of the Ahvaz Diabetes Association in 2020. The study sample consisted of 60 people who were selected by purposive sampling after reviewing the inclusion criteria and were randomly placed in two equal groups. The experimental group was educated via 8 sessions ( 90 minutes each) by the positivism method and the control group was placed on a waiting list for training. The research instruments were the life orientation revised test, life expectancy scale and diabetes self-management scale. Data were analyzed by chi-square, independent t and multivariate analysis of covariance tests via SPSS-22 software. Results: The findings showed that the experimental and control groups in the pre-test stage were not significantly different in terms of variables of optimism, life expectancy and diabetes self-management (P>0. 05); but in the posttest stage were significantly different in terms of all three variables (P<0. 001). The results showed that positivism training led to increased optimism, life expectancy and diabetes self-management in diabeticpatients (P<0. 001). Conclusion: Based on our results, therapists and health professionals can use positivism to improve the psychological characteristics of patients with diabetes, to improve optimism, life expectancy and diabetes self-management.

Human procreation and its various features are among the most important topics worldwide. One of the areas of this analysis deals with international human rights documents because these documents show international trends in reproductive rights. Therefore, this paper aims to prepare a venue to understand the definition, nature or entity, scope and content, right - holder and duty bearer, and the obligations of duty-bearers regarding others’ reproductive rights in international human rights organizations. The findings indicated there is no specific and agreed definition of reproductive rights in these human rights documents. The theories (Hohfeld’s theory about a right, the Will - Choice Theory, and the Benefit - Interest Theory) cannot justify the nature of reproductive rights well. There are many epistemological challenges regarding the content and the scope of these reproductive rights and related states’ obligations in those treaties, which made the realization of these reproductive rights difficult or even impossible.

Some people believe that some persons who breach Social Norms or commit a crime must be under some harder limitations in the society and they are not entitled to have all the Human Rights. But, we must deny this belief. Because, the right of the society to perform. Some restrictive provisions against the offenders do not mean that the society has the right to deprive them of Human Rights, but also. The society has a duty of respecting these rights.One of the social groups, are the persons, who are labeled of addiction. This label, irrespective of Legal effects, because of society's negative opinion on addicts, in itself, is restrictive and when we consider it criminal, the limitations become twofold.The case in this essay is, if the legislator is right to deprive the addicts from Human Rights Have Iranian Legislators respected addicts Human Rights? How much? If not, why? Or the legislator, in practice, these rights and the provisions are not in contradiction with Human Rights.

Background and Aim: Citizenship rights are considered one of the important concepts in regulating the relations between citizens and the state. The aim of the present study is to explain and compare the aforementioned concept within the framework of Islam and the international human rights system.Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.Findings: Despite some differences between Islam and human rights in identifying instances of citizenship rights and some of their specific effects, the basic characteristics and features of citizenship rights (such as the non-suspension of basic instances) are similar in Islam and the human rights system.Conclusion: Equality, security, fundamental freedoms, the right to justice, the right to education, and the right to social security are among the principles of Islamic and international citizenship. Islamic teachings on citizenship rights are very complete and comprehensive, and there is extensive correspondence between human rights documents and the foundations of Islam.

The development of tourism industry like any other industry in every country is dependent upon its infrastructures. Recognizing the tourism right is one of the fundamental principles for human beings especially for foreigners. Nowadays, this right is one of the basic human rights known in the world and emphasized in the national rights and international documents. Furthermore, the necessity to perform tourism right is recognizing other rights including rights and basic freedom of human beings. If a person has the tourism right as his/her natural right but has not the right to enter or stay in another country and his/her property (money) or life in the target country be not safe, or in case of any offence against his her life or property (money) has not the right to refer to the court and defend his right. Then the concept of tourism right will be futile and in vain. It is because of this matter that in every country, there are special approved regulations to recognize and provide these basic rights. In our country, Iran, these rights and freedom have been recognized and approved for foreign nationalities and tourists as far as the human beings, personality are concerned.